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Author(s): 

ROOSTA H.R. | SAJJADINIA A.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2010
  • Volume: 

    3
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    1-8
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    2010
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Cold stress causes great yield reduction in greenhouse crops. In order to study the damage of cold stress in some greenhouse crops, a factorial experiment based on CRD was conducted with two factors including temperature in two levels (4 and 21oC) and plant species in four levels (green basil, violet basil, tomato and lettuce) with 3 replications. To apply the cold stress, these plants were placed under 4oC and dark condition for 12 hrs. The results showed that minimal chlorophyll fluorescence of basil plants was significantly higher in control plants compared to the cold-stressed ones, whereas in lettuce it was significantly higher in cold-stressed plants. In this experiment, it was also observed that maximal fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv) and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) of green basil, violet basil and tomato plants were significantly lower under cold stress compared to the control. In contrast, these parameters were increased by cold stress in lettuce. These findings confirm the resistance of lettuce to cold stress and stimulating this plant to increase the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II under low temperature conditions.

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Title: 
Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2010
  • Volume: 

    3
  • Issue: 

    10
  • Pages: 

    137-160
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    4
  • Views: 

    8716
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Nowadays cities benefit from two geographical (natural, social, and economical environments) and artificial (man-made environment, and architecture) symbols. Mankind has always been trying to change these two symbols for the sake of his daily activities or earning his life and establishing a dwelling both as an interest and as a shelter. During this process green areas, jungles, and gardens have been changed into skyscrapers and buildings. Bricks, cement, and metallic plates have replaced for attractive views of nature. Today’s citizens have a sad feeling while they see that they have fallen far from the beauties and quietness of nature.To solve this problem, industrialists have developed the green roof technology. Urban planners and architects use it as a ‘back to nature’ process. Green roof is a method to convert the rough, dry, and cold parts of the city into green spots. Besides green roofs can create micro-climatic zones which reduce pollution and improve the living conditions of the citizens.This process is highly advantageous for cities like Tehran which is located in a 730 sq. km. of land delimited by mountains and deserts.67.9 percent of the city is occupied by buildings and about thirteen million people live in this city. Green roofs are good means for reducing these problems of Tehran.

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Journal: 

CROP PRODUCTION

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2021
  • Volume: 

    14
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    123-144
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    285
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Background and objectives: Intercropping of basil with legumes due to morphological differences and more importantly, their biological stabilization can be a step towards sustainability in agriculture and also to avoid the use of chemical inputs and therefore produce healthier products. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment were to evaluate and compare different indicators of growth, yield and ecological and economic usefulness of basil with green bean in pure crops and mixed replacement ratios in Mashhad climatic conditions. Materials and Methods: An experiment was conducted in RCBD design at the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the growing year 2018 19. The treatments were: 1) sole cropping of green bean (P), 2) and also basil (O) and different ratios of intercropping of these two plants, including 3) 1: 3 ratio of green bean and basil (P1O3), 4) ratio 2: 2 green bean and basil (P2O2) and 5) 3: 1 ratio green bean and basil (P3O1). Daily values of growth indices during the growth period of plants were estimated using the specific functions, and at the end of the growing season, the final yield of intercropped species (fresh green pods of green bean and basil dried seeds) was measured and indicators related to the advantage of intercropping including land equivalent ratio (LER), actual yield loss (AYL) and the monetary advantage index (MAI) were calculated. Function fitting, statistical analysis of data and drawing of figures were performed using Slide Write ver2. 0, SAS v 9. 2 and MS Excel 2016, respectively. Results: The highest LAI recorded in sole cropping of green bean and basil (3. 4 and 3 respectively) and the lowest was for green bean in P1O3 (0. 2) and for basil in P3O1 (2). Also, highest TDM in sole cropping of green bean was 973 g m2 and in sole cropping of basil was 1654 g m2 and the lowest ones for intercropped green bean was in P1O3 (44 g m2) and in the intercropped basil in P3O1 (755 g m2). The highest CGR of green bean and basil in their sole cropping were 20. 56 and 17. 92 g m2 day-1, respectively. The mean RGR of green bean was 0. 03 g g-1 in P1O3 and the highest RGR was in basil in the sole cropping treatment (0. 03 g g-1) The highest NAR in green bean was in its sole cropping (8. 3 g m2 day-1) and basil (8. 5 g m2 day-1). No economic yield was achieved for green bean in P1O3 and P2O2 treatments, so all the advantage indices of intercropping including LER, AYL and MAI in these treatments were negative. Also, the highest yield of basil was obtained in P1O3, which was not significantly different from its sole culture, and only in this treatment the intercropping advantage indices studied were positive and preferred to sole culture. Conclusion: The results truly showed incompatibility of basil with green bean in intercropping due to low competitiveness and weakness of green bean in intercropping with basil. Although intercropping in P3O1 treatment was economically and ecologically beneficial, but by considering all the conditions such as the possibility of implementing this cultivation ratio, it is suggested that while examining more different aspects of intercropping of basil with green bean such as weed competition and mechanisms of basil competition with green bean, another legume crop that has more desirable characteristics in terms of ecological compatibility and non-interference of ecological niches with this plant to replace green bean in basil production systems.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2023
  • Volume: 

    12
  • Issue: 

    1
  • Pages: 

    77-82
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    25
  • Downloads: 

    1
Abstract: 

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The compositions of essential oil are the main parameters for assessing quality of basil for different food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. On the other hand, secondary metabolites in basil are affected by the interaction of location and genetics. In this study essential oil composition of two basil cultivars (green and purple) in different cultivation site were determined. The experiment took place in Isfahan and Marand cities with different climate, edaphic and elevation factors. Plants were harvested at flowering stage and transported to the laboratory and samples dried at shade condition. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysis of essential oils was carried out by GC and GC-MS technics. There were differences among constituents in the essential oil content from the basil cultivars at two locations. For green basil, the major constituent of the essential oil from aerial parts were Geraniol (36.21%, in Marand region), nerol (27.02%) and methyl-chavicol (18.79%) in Isfahan region. Green basil, grown in the Isfahan region had higher concentrations of essential oils component than in the Marand region. For purple basil, methyl-chavicol (54.54%) and linalool (26.10%) in Marand region and (E)-β- ocimene (3.86%) in Isfahan regain were the highest essential oil components. According to our results, location could affect the efficacy of production for use of basil in drug industries.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    3
Measures: 
  • Views: 

    172
  • Downloads: 

    46
Keywords: 
Abstract: 

BASIL (OCIMUM BASILICUM L.), BELONGS TO THE FAMILY LAMIACEAE, IS CULTIVATED IN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND IN VARIOUS REGIONS WITH TEMPERATE AND HOT CLIMATES. FRESH BASIL IS WIDELY USED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN KITCHEN SUCH AS TOMATO PRODUCTS, VEGETABLES, SALADS, PIZZA, MEAT, SOUPS AND MARINE FOODS.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2014
  • Volume: 

    3
Measures: 
  • Views: 

    127
  • Downloads: 

    47
Keywords: 
Abstract: 

BASIL (OCIMUM BASILICUM L.) BELONGS TO THE LAMIACEAE FAMILY, IS CULTIVATED IN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES AND IN VARIOUS REGIONS WITH TEMPERATE AND HOT CLIMATES. FRESH BASIL IS WIDELY USED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN KITCHEN SUCH AS TOMATO PRODUCTS, VEGETABLES, SALADS, PIZZA, MEAT, SOUPS AND MARINE FOODS.

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Author(s): 

RAHIMPOUR M. | FALLAH S.

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2018
  • Volume: 

    10
  • Issue: 

    1 (35)
  • Pages: 

    146-159
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    1021
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

Introduction Despite the notable application of chemical drugs, medicinal plants and drugs that extracted from them widely has been used, so that in some countries they are integral components of remedy Basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) is one of the major essential oils producing species. Although the applications of different sources of manures have been shown the significant effects on yield and the quality of agricultural products, but overusing of chemical fertilizers in crop production resulted in numerous problems such as contamination of groundwater, nitrate accumulation and heavy metal toxicity. In many cases, the application of expensive chemical fertilizers causes environmental pollution and ecological damages that lead to the increase in cost of production. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth and performance of green basil, an experiment was conducted, is based on randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in the research farm of Agricultural College, Shahrekord University in 2014. Treatments were included NP (N + P), NPS (N + P + S), NPM (N + P + micronutrients), NPSM (N + P + S + micronutrients), CMp (cattle manure based on phosphorus), CMn (cattle manure based on the nitrogen), BLp (broiler litter based on phosphorus) and BLn (broiler litter based on the nitrogen), respectively. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, fresh yield, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, aboveground dry weight were measured. All data were analyzed with SAS software. Significant differences between individual means were determined using Fisher’ s protected least significant difference (LSD) test (P≤ 0. 05). Results and Discussion The results showed that the effect of different sources of fertilizer on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, fresh yield, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stems dry weight, aboveground dry weight were significant at 1% probability. The greatest amount of above mentioned traits were obtained from the second harvest of basil. The highest leaf area index was 5. 7 which was two times more than leaf area index in the first harvest. The highest fresh weight (14576 kg. ha-1) was achieved with broiler litter in the second harvest. In general, BLn treatment produced the highest yield, stem fresh weight and leaf fresh weight in the first harvest (10111, 372 and 639 kg. ha-1, respectively) and second harvest (14577, 535 and 992 kg. ha-1, respectively). It seems that organic manures included much of mineral nutrient required for plant growth and richness with macro elements and less than micro elements can improve nutritional status of soil. Similar results for positive effect of organic manures specially poultry manure on enhancement of basil height, increase in dry weight of chamomile, augmentation in dry weight of lemon balm and enhancement in dry weight of aerial parts of pepper with application of vermicompost has been reported. In another experiment for determination of sorghum bicolor yield reported that application of 5-15 ton per hectare poultry manure can improve 5 times in compared to control treatment. Also the experiment was conducted to determine the cotton yield results showed that poultry manure at the rate of 20 tons per hectare produced the highest cotton yield. Conclusion The positive effects of broiler litter in basil plant production indicated that soil amendment with broiler litter based on the nitrogen can be created suitable conditions for appropriate growth and production of basil and its effect also more than the complete chemical nutrition of plant. Acknowledgments We wish to thank, Shahrekord University, Iran for the financial support of the project.

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Journal: 

AQUATIC ECOLOGY

Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2022
  • Volume: 

    12
  • Issue: 

    1 پیاپی (44)
  • Pages: 

    1-16
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    76
  • Downloads: 

    15
Abstract: 

One way to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers without harming plant nutrition and increase the absorption of nutrients in crops is to use biostimulants. Seaweed extracts is one of the plant biostimulants that is used in agricultural systems because of their potential for improving nutrient use efficiency, resistance to stressors, and product quality. In this study, the effects of aqueous extract of a green macroalgae (Ulva flexuosa) and a brown macroalgae (padina) at four levels (dilutions 5, 10, 20 and 40%) as well as NPK chemical fertilizer at one level (concentration 0/625 mg/ml) on the growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ) was examined for 45 days. The results showed that the effect of brown algae extract on germination was more significant while 5% dilution of green algae increased plant root length. Treatment with both green and brown macroalgae extracts improved biochemical parameters. The highest amount of chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins was observed in dilution of 20% and the highest amount of flavonoids, phenol and reducing power was observed in 10% dilution of brown macroalgae extract.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2023
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    691-699
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    20
  • Downloads: 

    0
Abstract: 

This study aimed at investigating how treatment of basil seedlings with green synthesized AgNPs affects their Ag content, oxidative damage and antioxidant enzymes activity. This research was studied as a completely randomized design in four replications. Four levels of silver nanoparticles (0, 4, 10 and 40 mg L-1) were used. After germination, the seedlings were treated for 7 days and then seedlings were harvested for analysis. Findings showed that AgNP treatment increased Ag content O2•−, H2O2, MDA, and ion leakage in basil seedlings. The use of AgNPs caused a significant increase in the activities of SOD, APX, CAT, and GR enzymes in plants. However, at high levels (40 mg L-1) of AgNPs, enzymes activity decreased significantly. These findings suggest that the application of green synthesized AgNPs to basil seedlings led to oxidative stress. Moreover, the observed changes in radical scavenging enzyme activity indicate that synthetic green nanoparticles have a harmful effect on basil seedlings. This toxicity is more pronounced at higher concentrations.

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Issue Info: 
  • Year: 

    2024
  • Volume: 

    13
  • Issue: 

    4
  • Pages: 

    135-150
Measures: 
  • Citations: 

    0
  • Views: 

    40
  • Downloads: 

    9
Abstract: 

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

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